A Dialética de Platão, antes de alcançar os estágios dos processos diaíresis e da synagogê e de 'intuir' o Bem, o Uno, passa pelo processo da refutação, elenchos, também conhecido como "diálogo socrático" presente nos primeiros Diálogos. Esta aprendizagem da dialética articula-se com duas origens: a dos argumentos de Zenão de Eléia e a das aporias de Heráclito.

Breastfeeding is one important form of maternal investment that is influenced by support from kin and non-kin. This paper investigates who provides support for breastfeeding mothers and their children, what type of support they provide, and how support impacts breastfeeding duration. The data were derived from a survey of 594 American mothers and were analyzed using quantitative methods, including Cox regression. Analyses indicate that mothers receive significant support, particularly from spouses and maternal grandmothers. More frequent breastfeeding discussions with La Leche (...) League and maternal grandfathers were associated with longer duration, whereas discussions with physicians were associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Results indicate that consulting others specifically about breastfeeding may influence breastfeeding decisions. The results are consistent with the idea that social support may influence breastfeeding duration and that some types of support are more influential than others. Furthermore, support persons should be educated about breastfeeding to prevent early weaning. (shrink)

The cities of refuge as detailed in the Deuteronomic witness in the Hebrew Bible have served as the inspiration and model for the practice of providing sanctuary for many throughout the centuries, namely with the most recent Sanctuary movements in the US and the UK in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. And yet, its biblical witness as to its implementation and effectiveness is practically silent. Using methods of biblical studies via liberation hermeneutics and theological ethics from both the Jewish and (...) Christian traditions, the following questions will be explored: What were the cities of refuge? How were they to be set up? What are the theological and ethical questions at play in the biblical witness as to their use? What relevance, if any, do they have for us today? (shrink)

O artigo pretende oferecer subsídios para o debate pedagógicosobre alguns modos de ensinar e de aprender no Ensino Superior naatualidade tendo presente as condições e possibilidades criadas pelastransformações tecnológicas e científicas e as novas exigências pedagógicascom estudantes ativos que desejam maior participação nos processos deaprendizagem.

Exame introdutório das condições depossibilidade de recuperação da racionalidade daexperiência sensível posta de lado, desde o inicioda filosofia, por Platão e Aristóteles, e do papelda reflexão dialética na investigação da fé per -ceptiva, conforme M. Merleau-Ponty em Levisible e J'invisibJe.

Caracterização das relações entre estética e educação a partir das noções de experiência, percepção e juízo estético.

Exposição introdutória da dialética dePlatão e estudo da relação dialética e linguagensno diálogo Sofista, e das relações entre dialética eanalítica a partir de alguns aspectos da Carta sobrea Dialética de Carlos R. Cirne Lima.

Exame introdutório ao conceito de virtude de Platão considerando especialmente a questão da unidade e das partes, da possibilidade de ensinar a virtude e das relações entre a ideia de alma e as condições da virtude. O artigo analisa o contexto social e histórico da virtude na Grécia antiga e na obra de Platão, examina algumas posições teóricas sobre o problema da unidade e das partes da virtude e a questão da aprendizagem da virtude no Menon, Górgias e Protágoras e, (...) finalmente, examina as implicações do conceito de alma presentes na concepção de virtude em Platão. (shrink)

O presente trabalho apresenta indicações de traços literários nos textosfilosóficos e de conteúdos filosóficos nos textos literários e faz aproximações e distinções entre os textos filosóficos e literários. Aborda tambémquestões referentes a estilo e argumentação, autoria e linguagem filosófica.

O texto apresenta de algumas características básicas da ideia de bem em A República, com algumas referências gerais a outros diálogos, a partir da leitura do texto platônico e de algumas contribuições de comentadores, tendo em vista a presença dessa ideia na filosofia e na ética de Platão. Palavras-chave: Platão. Bem. Virtude. Justiça.

O texto pretende fazer um exame preliminar de questões relativas à natureza do bem em Platão, com referências a alguns diálogos e comentadores e, ainda, com a menção da posição de Aristóteles sobre o tema e, finalmente, encerra com algumas observações gerais.

O artigo pretende mostrar os pressupostos éticos e epistemológicos das atividades de ensino e aprendizagem em Kant e Habermas e, igualmente, introduzir alguns aspectos relevantes da questão que sirvam para um posterior desenvolvimento.

Os artigos contidos neste número de Veritas, como é de praxe, na edição que corresponde ao mês de dezembro de cada ano, versam sobre temas ligados direta e indiretamente à dialética. Os projetos integrados de Dialética: conhecimento e linguagem, ética e política, sob a coordenação do professor Dr. Carlos Roberto V. Cirne Lima, com a participação dos professores Dr. Manfredo Araújo de Oliveira, Dr. Tadeu Weber, Dr. Jayme Paviani, Me. Angelo Cenci, Doutorando Eduardo Luft, Doutorando Sérgio Augusto Sardi, Doutorando (...) Custódio Luís S. de Almeida e outros professores que estão se integrando ao programa de pesquisa, começam a mostrar os primeiros resultados de uma política de coordenação e sistematização da produção científica. Estes projetos sintonizados com as linhas de pesquisa do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Mestrado e Doutorado, da PUCRS, contribuem para a investigação de problemas filosóficos reatualizados e aprofundados sob o enfoque dialético. Os projetos de pesquisa em andamento ao responderem às perguntas o que é dialética e o que é filosofia investigam questões fundamentais da filosofia e da cultura contemporâneas remetendo-as aos métodos filosóficos desde as suas origens gregas. Os números especiais da revista Veritas têm, portanto, a função de publicar resultados parciais destas pesquisas realizadas pelos professores do núcleo Dialética: conhecimento e linguagem, ética e política e de seus colaboradores e interlocutores. (shrink)

Platão, na República, condena a arte. Essa condenação, inicialmente, é de natureza pedagógica e moral e não estética, no sentido moderno da teoria estética e, em segundo lugar, por motivos metafísicos. No contexto de uma reforma ético-política e de uma reforma educacional, podemos nos indagar se os argumentos de Platão atingiriam hoje a poesia de Fernando Pessoa e a pintura de Pablo Picasso. As acusações contra a arte fundam-se em dois tipos de argumentos. Nos livros II e III, Platão afirma (...) e demonstra a incapacidade dos poetas gregos de atender as exigências das faculdades da alma. No livro X, a condenação da poesia e da pintura tem como base o fato de a arte ser puramente imitação, ilusão e, assim, opor-se à teoria das ideias. (shrink)

O texto pretende fazer um exame preliminar de questões relativas à natureza do bem em Platão, com referências a alguns diálogos e comentadores e, ainda, com a menção da posição de Aristóteles sobre o tema e, finalmente, encerra com algumas observações gerais.

Interpretação de aspectos relevantes da Analítica do Belo da Critica da Faculdade do Juízo de Kant sob a perspectiva de uma fundamentação da racionalidade estética.

Este ensaio aborda possíveis aproximações e afastamento entre as filosofias dePlatão e de Merleau-Ponty, especialmente entre a fundação de uma ontologia inteligível em Platão e a inauguração de uma ontologia sensível ou selvagem em M. Merleau-Ponty.

Contextualização e identificação dos processos dialéticos em alguns diálogos de Platão. Constituição da dialética platônica, a partir da dialética socrática e eleática. Caracterização dos diferentes níveis e modalidades do processo dialético, desde a dialética negativa ou dicotômica até a evolutiva tripartida.

Indicação de tópicos do prólogo de o Sofista considerados relevantes, sob o ponto de vista propedêutico, para o estudo do diálogo na perspectiva do processo diairético. Observações sobre as implicações entre o método, os temas e a estrutura do diálogo.

Two recently proposed experiments by Kolen and Torr (K-T), designed to detect possible failures of Einstein's special relativity (SR) are analyzed. Imprecisions in these papers are pointed out. Computation in Lorentz aether theory (LAT), with the K-T violation of SR, of the theoretical prediction for the proposed K-T clock experiment prove their results to be incorrect. Analytical computation of the proposed K-T rotor Doppler experiment using LAT confirms the order of magnitude of their prediction by numerical computation. For LAT in (...) the K-T form, this experiment, using a turntable, is shown to give results which could be detected with the technology of 20 years ago. Another LAT model is considered which leads to deviations of SR smaller than in the K-T model. The central point of the approach adopted in this paper is the use of Einstein's coordinates in the comoving frame, even when SR is violated, leading always to isotropic propagation of light in vacuum; the anisotropy usually obtained in LAT is only a coordinate effect. (shrink)

No decorrer do artigo, são analisados diferentes pressupostos epistemológicos e suas possíveis implicações nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem no contexto educacional. Para tanto o texto parte de alguns esclarecimentos preliminares sobre a ideia de pressupostos e contextualiza aspectos do debate epistemológico em relação a algumas das matrizes educacionais mais expressivas. Ao propor uma análise da possibilidade de um conhecimento seguro e verdadeiro diante dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem, o artigo alcança seu ponto mais significativo de argumentação e coloca (...) em debate concepções objetivistas e não objetivistas sobre o conhecimento. A fim de responder a tal debate, a argumentação seguirá de modo a justificar uma concepção epistemológica não objetivista e com estruturação de racionalidade nos moldes da filosofia prática e, por isso, numa perspectiva ética. Nesse percurso, a interdisciplinaridade é discutida e apresentada como decorrência da concepção epistemológica defendida pelos autores. Ao longo de todo o texto, são apontadas pistas de reflexão e de tomada de decisão que possibilitam compreender aspectos de diferentes matrizes do currículo na Educação Básica e Superior. Palavras-chave: Critérios de legitimação do conhecimento. Ensino e aprendizagem. Perspectiva ética do conhecimento. (shrink)

We hypothesize that rapid eye movement or REM sleep evolved, in part, to mediate sexual/reproductive behaviors and strategies. Because development of sexual and mating strategies depends crucially on early attachment experiences, we further hypothesize that REM functions to mediate attachment processes early in life. Evidence for these hypotheses comes from (1) the correlation of REM variables with both attachment and sexual/reproductive variables; (2) attachment-related and sex-related hormonal release during REM; (3) selective activation during REM of brain sites implicated in attachment (...) and sexual processes; (4) effects of maternal deprivation on REM; (5) effects of REM deprivation on sexual behaviors; and (6) the REM-associated sexual excitation. To explain why we find associations among REM sleep, attachment, and adult reproductive strategies, we rely on recent extensions of parent-offspring conflict theory. Using data from recent findings on genomic imprinting, Haig (2000) and others suggest that paternally expressed genes are selected to promote growth of the developing fetus/child at the expense of the mother, while maternally expressed genes counter these effects. Because developmental REM facilitates attachment-related outcomes in the child, developmental REM may be regulated by paternally expressed genes. In that case, REM may have evolved to support the “aims” of paternal genes at the expense of maternal genes. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to explore the viability of accounting for presumptions as a subtype of verdictives, within the framework of the Austinian approach to speech acts. The available set of felicity conditions is examined and worked out, in order to try and account in particular for a main feature of presumptions, namely, their function in shifting the burden of proof. In order to extend the Austinian framework as required, the notion of pragmatic presupposition accommodation is shown to (...) be a useful device. (shrink)

In this paper—dedicated to Prof. Asim O. Barut—we generalize the Diracnon-linear electrodynamics by introducing two potentials(namely, the vector potential A and the pseudo-vector potential γ5B of the electromagnetic theorywith charges and magnetic monopoles) and by imposing the pseudoscalar part of the product ωω* to be zero, with ω≡A+γ5B. We show that the field equations of such a theory possess a soliton-like solution which can representa priori a “charged particle,” since it is endowed with a Coulomb field plus the field of (...) a magneticdipole. The rest energy of the soliton is finite, and the angular momentum stored in its electromagnetic field can be identified—for suitable choices of the parameters—with the spin of the charged particle. Thus, this approach seems to yield a classical model for the charged (spinning) particle which does not encounter the problems met by earlier attempts in the same direction. (shrink)

This manuscript reports on a landmark symposium on the ethical, legal and technical challenges of xenotransplantation in the UK. King’s College London, with endorsement from the British Transplantation Society (BTS), and the European Society of Organ Transplantation (ESOT), brought together a group of experts in xenotransplantation science, ethics and law to discuss the ethical, regulatory and technical challenges surrounding translating xenotransplantation into the clinical setting. The symposium was the first of its kind in the UK for 20 years. This paper (...) summarises the content of the expert lectures showcasing the progress which has been made in xenotransplantation including—the history of xenotransplantation, advances in gene edited animals and progress towards clinical xenotransplantation. We then set out the ethical and legal issues still to be resolved. Finally, we report the themes of the roundtable discussion highlighting areas of consensus and controversy. While the detail of the legal discussion was directed towards the UK, the principles and summary reported here are intended to be applicable to any jurisdiction seeking to implement clinical xenotransplantation. (shrink)

Partiendo del conocimiento que los árabes tuvieron de los textos neoplatónicos atribuidos a Aristóteles, tales como la Pseudo-Teología y el Liber de Causis, la autora de este estudio investiga el posible conocimiento que Avicena tuvo de este último libro, conocido en el mundo árabe por el título de Kalam fi mahd al-hayr. Se apoya, para ello, en el análisis de cuatro pasajes de la Metafísica de la gran enciclopedia filosófica Al-Sifa ("La curación").

Voluntary sustainability standards that establish global rules for firms’ environmental and/or social conduct and allow for verification of firm compliance via third-party certification hold the promise to govern firms’ sustainability conduct in a globalizing world economy. However, the recent proliferation of competing and overlapping global sustainability standards that have been developed by various stakeholders with different agendas, creates uncertainties for firms that likely reduce their propensity to adopt any standard. Without widespread adoption these standards cannot effectively govern firm conduct and (...) in contrast create barriers for firms’ access to export markets. We suggest that the uncertainties associated with competing standards and the effect of these uncertainties on standard certification decisions are especially large for firms in emerging economies because these firms lack access to information about current and future standards and the resources to obtain certifications to multiple standards. We theoretically propose and empirically identify three distinct sources of sustainability standard uncertainty: diversity of customer requirements, dynamism of customer requirements, and the unpredictability of the future evolution of standard and propose that each of these sources reduces firms’ propensity to obtain certification to any standard. Our empirical results based on certifications to food safety standards by a sample of 97 Mexican food exporting firms confirm that three distinct sources of sustainability standard uncertainty exist and that all of them negatively impact certification. We discuss ethical implications and offer recommendations for both suppliers as well as standard setting organizations. (shrink)

The Earth is facing pressing societal grand challenges that require urgent managerial action. Responsible management learning has emerged as a discipline to prepare managers to act as responsible leaders that can effectively address such pressing challenges. This article aims to extend current knowledge on RML in the domain of corporate sustainability through the application of threshold concepts, novel ideas which provide a doorway to new knowledge and transform a learner’s mindset. Specifically, after conducting a systematic review of the management literature, (...) we identify 33 CS threshold concepts that are useful for mainstream managers and practitioners in their RML process. We group them into six CS threshold concept themes that can help managers understand the complexities and interconnectedness that characterize CS. Finally, we map CS threshold concepts with key competences for effective RML. Therefore, our contribution relies on translating existing CS theoretical frameworks into transformative, specific, understandable and applicable pieces of knowledge that might help mainstream managers to embed CS principles in their daily management practices. (shrink)

We use this editorial essay as a call for a more effective use of new technologies, such as mobile apps and Web 2.0 tools, to educate students and other relevant stakeholders on business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability topics. We identify three overarching reasons that justify the need for new ways of teaching that further incorporate technology to foster the innovative thinking needed to tackle imminent societal grand challenges such as climate change and increasing inequality. First, we are facing (...) a new generation of millennials and Generation Z students who are digital natives and more likely to search for educational content on their electronic devices. Second, new technologies offer opportunities to reach students globally, helping to democratize education. Third, we posit that the intrinsic characteristics of societal grand challenges, which are complex, uncertain, and evaluative, can benefit from technology as an effective translator of multilayered concepts into more digestible action items. Our essay ends with a brief summary of the four essays included in the thematic symposium: “There is an App for that! The Use of New Technologies and Apps in Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Education.”. (shrink)

This article analyzes the adoption of voluntary environmental management programs by firms operating in Mexico. Mexican firms can obtain national certification (Clean Industry) and/or international certification (ISO 14001). Based on institutional entrepreneurship theory, we posit that the role played by first movers as institutional entrepreneurs is crucial if these programs are to become established with sufficient strength and appeal. This understanding is especially important in an environment where more than one program can be adopted. We tested several hypotheses on the (...) behaviors of 1328 facilities operating in Mexico, half of which (664) had certified environmental management programs. Of the 664 certified facilities, 217 were classified as early adopters. Three variables predicted the likelihood of a facility being an early adopter: (1) connected to international market, (2) in the maquila sector, and (3) linked to an industry association that offers free resources. (shrink)

This volume critically explore and extend Hayek's Nobel Prize-winning work on knowledge and social interconnectedness from the disciplines of law, economics, philosophy, anthropology, political science, and history. Hayek's insights about knowledge become even more important once it is recognized that nothing in the social world occurs in isolation. There is no such thing as a distinct economic, political, or social sphere--they are inextricably intertwined. Given the range of both Hayek's work and the contributing authors' perspectives, the range of topics covered (...) in this volume is extraordinarily wide, running the gamut from immigration, to white supremacy, to ancient agricultural practices, to the nature of what it means to be free. (shrink)

La evidencia comparativa reciente sugiere que algunas especies no humanas sienten empatía hacia otros congéneres, la cual es una capacidad necesaria para la presencia y evolución de la moralidad. Por otro lado, la Hipótesis del Cerebro Social plantea relaciones entre la evolución de la neocorteza cerebral en primates y el tamaño de sus grupos sociales. Este artículo vincula estas ideas al señalar que: (i) la empatía y la moralidad son subproductos de la expansión de la neocorteza cerebral, y (ii) la (...) función de tales capacidades es facilitar la cooperación entre individuos, aumentando su cohesión social. Recent comparative evidence suggests that some nonhuman species feel empathy towards fellow group members and empathy is a necessary capacity for the presence and evolution of morality. On the other hand, the Social Brain Hypothesis suggests relationships between the evolution of brain's neocortex in primates and the size of their social groups. This paper links these ideas by suggesting that (i) empathy and morality are by-products of the expansión of brain's neocortex, and that (ii) the function of such capacities is to facilitate cooperation between individuals, increasing their social cohesion. (shrink)

The recognition of Africa's contribution to American culture involves accepting an inheritance that is both part of the national heritage and part of the identity and cultural profile of each of our societies. By encouraging its complete assimilation into our history, this recognition also involves the study and dissemination of the culture, which in turn will enable the millions of Afro-Americans spread across the continent to participate in the process of building the future. Once properly recognized, this cultural heritage will (...) produce a rich form of métissage and generate pluralism. (shrink)

This paper revisits an aspect of Charles Mills’s work that is usually overlooked, namely, his early engagement with the tradition of analytical Marxism, particularly in From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism (2003). This collection of essays is important not only because it marks Mills’s intellectual trajectory, but also because, as I aim to show in the following, it allows us to trace the source of Mills’s radicalism. I argue that Mills’s radicalism locates the causal source (...) of social change in the material conditions of oppression. I then show how this analysis of Mills’s radicalism can help in clarifying his critique of ideal theory and his insistence on the importance of nonideal theory. I end by considering the relation between class and racial oppression in Mills’s early Marxist work. (shrink)